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Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences

APA (American Psychological Association) style is most often used by researchers in the Social Sciences, Psychology, Education, Health Sciences, and Business. Citation styles can vary depending on the publication or topic. If you aren't sure which citation style to use, be sure to ask your professor which style they prefer for assignments in their class.

APA Help

You can find APA help online at these websites!

Examples of Common APA Citations

Last Name, F. I. (Year). Title of article in sentence case: Capitalize the first word of anything that comes after the colon. Name of Journal, Volume(Issue), pages. DOI.

Example of a Citation with One Author

Reichenberg, M. (2022). Images of relationships and emotions: A theoretically informed grounded theory approach to storybooks with youth characters with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 26(2), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629520987780

  • Parenthetical citation: (Reichenberg, 2022, pp. 380-385)
  • Narrative citation: Reichenberg (2022) develops this argument (p. 389)

Note: Page numbers appear at the end of in-text citations. A single page is indicated by p. and multiple pages are indicated by pp.

Example of a Citation with Two Authors

Na, J. Y., & Wilkinson, K. M. (2018). Communication about emotions during storybook reading: Effects of an instruction programme for children with Down syndrome. International Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 20(7), 745–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2017.1356376

  • Parenthetical citation: (Na & Wilkinson, 2018)
  • Narrative citation: Na and Wilkinson (2018)

Example of a Citation with Three or More Authors

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

  • Parenthetical citation: (Grady et al., 2019)
  • Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019)

Note: In your references list, list the surnames and initials of all authors up to 20 in the order they appear in the document.

Last Name, F. I. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Site Name. URL.

Example of a Citation of a Webpage with an Individual Author

Horovitz, B. (2021, October 19). Are you ready to move your aging parent into your home? AARP. https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/home-care/info-2021/caregiving-questions.html

  • Parenthetical citation: (Horovitz, 2021)
  • Narrative citation: Horovitz (2021)

Example of a Citation of a Webpage with an Organizational Group Author

World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

  • Parenthetical citation: (World Health Organization, 2018)
  • Narrative citation: World Health Organization (2018)

Example of a Citation of a Webpage with a Governmental Group Author

National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml

  • Parenthetical citation: (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018)
  • Narrative citation: National Institute of Mental Health (2018)

Note: The names of parent agencies not present in the author element appear in the source element. In this example, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the parent agency of NIH, appears before NIH in the citation.

Example of a Citation of a Webpage on a News Site

Toner, K. (2020, September 24). When Covid-19 hit, he turned his newspaper route into a lifeline for senior citizens. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/coronavirus-newspaper-deliveryman-groceries-senior-citizens-cnnheroes-trnd/index.html

  • Parenthetical citation: (Toner, 2020)
  • Narrative citation: Toner (2020)

Note: News sites include BBC, AP, Reuters, CNN, MSNBC, and others that do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers. For newspaper sites like The Washington Post and The New York Times, which do have associated daily or weekly newspapers, follow the guidance under the Newspaper Article tab.

Last Name, F. I. (Year, Month Day). Title of article in sentence case: Capitalize the first word of anything that comes after the colon. Name of Publication.

Example of a Citation for an Online Article

Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html

  • Parenthetical citation: (Carey, 2019)
  • Narrative citation: Carey (2019)

Note: The URL for the article follows a period after the name of the publication.

Example of a Citation for a Print Article

Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.

  • Parenthetical citation: (Harlan, 2013)
  • Narrative citation: Harlan (2013)

Note: The pages on which the article appears are listed after a comma following the name of the publication.

Last Name, F. I. (Year). Title of book in sentence case: Capitalize the first word of anything that comes after the colon (Edition, if any). Publisher.

Example of a Citation for an Authored Book

Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.

  • Parenthetical citation: (Sapolsky, 2017, p. 91)
  • Narrative citation: Sapolsky (2017) develops this argument (pp. 94-95)

Note: Page numbers appear at the end of in-text citations. A single page is indicated by p. and multiple pages are indicated by pp.

Example of a Citation for an Edited Book

Overland, E., Barber, J., & Sackville-Ford, M. (Eds.). (2020). Behaviour management: An essential guide for student and newly qualified teachers. Routledge.

  • Parenthetical citation: (Overland et al., 2020)
  • Narrative citation: Overland et al. (2020)

Example of a Citation for a Book with Multiple Editions

Kalish, R. A. (1973). The psychology of human behavior (3rd ed.). Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.

  • Parenthetical citation: (Kalish, 1973)
  • Narrative citation: Kalish (1973)

Username. (Year, Month Day). Title of video in sentence case: Capitalize the first word of anything that comes after the colon [Video]. YouTube. URL.

Example of a Citation for a YouTube Video

Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs

  • Parenthetical citation: (Harvard University, 2019, 01:02)
  • Narrative citation: Harvard University (2019) introduces the device (00:37)

Note: Timestamps should appear after the year in in-text citations in the format HH:MM:SS.

Example of a Citation for a TED Talk on YouTube

TED. (2019, November 13). The danger of AI is weirder than you think | Janelle Shane [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhCzX0iLnOc

  • Parenthetical citation: (TED, 2019)
  • Narrative citation: TED (2019)
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