Last Name, F. I. (Year). Title of article in sentence case: Capitalize the first word of anything that comes after the colon. Name of Journal, Volume(Issue), pages. DOI.
Example of a Citation with One Author
Reichenberg, M. (2022). Images of relationships and emotions: A theoretically informed grounded theory approach to storybooks with youth characters with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 26(2), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629520987780
Note: Page numbers appear at the end of in-text citations. A single page is indicated by p. and multiple pages are indicated by pp.
Example of a Citation with Two Authors
Na, J. Y., & Wilkinson, K. M. (2018). Communication about emotions during storybook reading: Effects of an instruction programme for children with Down syndrome. International Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 20(7), 745–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2017.1356376
Example of a Citation with Three or More Authors
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Note: In your references list, list the surnames and initials of all authors up to 20 in the order they appear in the document.
Last Name, F. I. (Year). Title of book in sentence case: Capitalize the first word of anything that comes after the colon (Edition, if any). Publisher.
Example of a Citation for an Authored Book
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.
Note: Page numbers appear at the end of in-text citations. A single page is indicated by p. and multiple pages are indicated by pp.
Example of a Citation for an Edited Book
Overland, E., Barber, J., & Sackville-Ford, M. (Eds.). (2020). Behaviour management: An essential guide for student and newly qualified teachers. Routledge.
Example of a Citation for a Book with Multiple Editions
Kalish, R. A. (1973). The psychology of human behavior (3rd ed.). Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
Last Name, F. I. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Site Name. URL.
Example of a Citation of a Webpage with an Individual Author
Horovitz, B. (2021, October 19). Are you ready to move your aging parent into your home? AARP. https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/home-care/info-2021/caregiving-questions.html
Example of a Citation of a Webpage with an Organizational Group Author
World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
Example of a Citation of a Webpage with a Governmental Group Author
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
Note: The names of parent agencies not present in the author element appear in the source element. In this example, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the parent agency of NIH, appears before NIH in the citation.
Example of a Citation of a Webpage on a News Site
Toner, K. (2020, September 24). When Covid-19 hit, he turned his newspaper route into a lifeline for senior citizens. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/coronavirus-newspaper-deliveryman-groceries-senior-citizens-cnnheroes-trnd/index.html
Note: News sites include BBC, AP, Reuters, CNN, MSNBC, and others that do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers. For newspaper sites like The Washington Post and The New York Times, which do have associated daily or weekly newspapers, follow the guidance in the Newspaper Articles box below.
Last Name, F. I. (Year, Month Day). Title of article in sentence case: Capitalize the first word of anything that comes after the colon. Name of Publication.
Example of a Citation for an Online Article
Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html
Note: The URL for the article follows a period after the name of the publication.
Example of a Citation for a Print Article
Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.
Note: The pages on which the article appears are listed after a comma following the name of the publication.
Username. (Year, Month Day). Title of video in sentence case: Capitalize the first word of anything that comes after the colon [Video]. YouTube. URL.
Example of a Citation for a YouTube Video
Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs
Note: Timestamps should appear after the year in in-text citations in the format HH:MM:SS.
Example of a Citation for a TED Talk on YouTube
TED. (2019, November 13). The danger of AI is weirder than you think | Janelle Shane [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhCzX0iLnOc
Last Name, F.I. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Description of audiovisuals] [Type of post or content]. Platform. URL.
Examples of Citations for Tweets
Ardern, J. [@jacindaardern]. (2018, October 15). I salute you, @Kereru4PM #BirdOfTheYear [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/jacindaardern/status/1051569120066469889
Figure.NZ [@figurenz]. (2019, October 15). Looking forward to resting up over the holidays? [sleeping face emoji] [beach with umbrella emoji] NZ #Health Survey figures show about 70% of adults meet sleep duration... [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/FigureNZ/status/1207422765986279424
Example of a Citation for an Instagram Post
New Zealand Police [newzealandpolice]. (2019, November 15). Class of 2019 // Wellington dog section [paw prints emoji] #fridayfloof [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B43Cl_-J9pN/
Example of a Citation for a Reddit Post
-Endless. (2020, January 15). I think as a country we need to start a dialogue on fresh water ownership [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/newzealand/comments/eowzqq/i_think_as_a_country_we_need_to_start_a_dialogue/
Publisher. (Year of Version Used). Name of Generative AI (version) [Large language model]. URL
Note 1: Always check with your professors before using AI in their classes. They may identify specific instances where AI is acceptable to use, or they may forbid its use altogether.
Note 2: APA recommends putting the full text of responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper so readers have access to the exact text that was generated.
Example of a Citation for ChatGPT
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat