Bibliography
Last Name, First Name M.I. "Title of Journal Article." Name of Journal Volume, no. issue (Year): page numbers. DOI.
Notes
First Name Last Name, "Title of Journal Article," Name of Journal Volume, no. issue (Year): page numbers, DOI.
Shortened Notes
Last Name, "Shortened Title of Journal Article," page numbers.
Example of a Citation with One Author
Kwon, Hyeyoung. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.
Example of a Citation with Two Authors
Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.
Example of a Citation with Three or More Authors
Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. For works by two authors, list both in the bibliography and in a note (as in the Dittmar and Schemske example above). For three or more authors, list up to six in the bibliography; for more than six authors, list the first three, followed by “et al.” (“and others”). In a note, list only the first, followed by “et al.”
Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.
Bibliography
Last Name, First Name M.I. (Year). Title of Book in Title Case: Anything after the Colon in Title Case. Publisher, Year.
Notes
First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Publisher, Year), page number.
Shortened Notes
Last Name, Title of Book, page number
Example of a Citation for a Book with a Single Author
Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.
Example of a Citation for a Book with Multiple Authors
Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.
Example of a Citation for a Chapter or Other Part of an Edited Book
Doyle, Kathleen. "The Queen Mary Psalter." In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World's Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.
Example of a Citation for a Whole Edited Book
Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World's Greatest Invention. University of Chicago Press, 2023.
Examples of Citations for Books Consulted in an Electronic Format
To cite a book consulted online, include either a URL or the name of the database. For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).
Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 2023. EBSCOhost.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. University of Chicago Press, 1987. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. Random House, 2008. Kindle.
Bibliography
Site Owner. "Title of Page." Effective Date, Last modified Date, or Access Date. URL.
Notes
"Page Title," Site Owner, Date, URL.
Shortened Notes
"Shortened Page Title."
Examples of Citations of Webpages with an Organizational Group Author
Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.
Wikimedia Foundation. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC).
Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.
Note: if a publicly available archive of the content has been saved using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine or similar service, the link for that version may be cited.
Bibliography
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Publication, Month Day, Year. URL.
Notes
First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Publication, Month Day, Year, URL.
Shortened Notes
Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article."
Examples of Citations for Online Articles
Klein, Elana. “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff.” Wired, December 21, 2023. https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.
Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post, July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.
Bibliography
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Media." Sponsor, Original Creation Date, Type of Content, Publication Date. Media Host Site, Length of Media. URL.
Notes
First Name Last Name, "Title of Media." Sponsor, Original Creation Date, Publication Date, Media Host Site, Length of Media, URL.
Shortened Notes
Last Name, "Shortened Title of Media."
Example of a Citation for a YouTube Video
Oliver, Eric. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture, February 23, 2022. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.
Example of a Citation for a TED Talk
Cowan, Vaitea. “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era.” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022. Video, 9 min., 15 sec. https://www
Example of a Citation for a Podcast
Ober, Lauren, host. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Post." Platform, Month Day, Year. URL.
Examples of Citations for Social Media Posts
Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
Citations of content posted to social media can usually be limited to the text. A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In place of a title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post.
Note: Always check with your professors before using AI in their classes. They may identify specific instances where AI is acceptable to use, or they may forbid its use altogether.
Chicago treats the generative AI (for example, ChatGPT) as the author and the company that developed the AI (for example, OpenAI) as the publisher/sponsor. Chicago recommends citing AI in a footnote or parenthetical in-text citation, but not in the bibliography of your paper. If you do cite an AI exchange in a bibliography, it should be cited by listing the "publisher" or developer, not the name of the tool, and include a publicly available URL. If you cannot provide a publicly available link, such as ShareGPT or A.I. Archives, then Chicago advises not to include it in the bibliography or reference list.
Bibliography
Publisher. Prompt. Author, Month Day, Year. URL.
Notes
Author, response to "Prompt," Publisher, Month Day, Year, URL.
Examples of Citations for ChatGPT
OpenAI. Response to "Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients." ChatGPT, March 7. 2023.
OpenAI. Response to "Tell me about biases in algorithms." ChatGPT, October 1, 2024. https://chatgpt.com/share/67195a14-973c-8010-b421-0b0d8adcfec1